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Copyright (c) 2026 Meily Meiny Wagiu, David Rade Manat Simanjuntak, David Rade Manat Simanjuntak, Andries Kango, Englin R. Manua
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EXPLORING THE HISTORY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION AS A PILLAR OF PEACE EDUCATION IN MINAHASA
Corresponding Author(s) : Meily Meiny Wagiu
Al-Qalam,
Vol. 32 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Al Qalam
Abstract
This research aims to explore the historical development of religious moderation within the cultural context of Minahasa and to analyze its relevance as a foundation for peace education in the contemporary era. Although studies on religious moderation in Indonesia has significantly increased, most studies remain macro-oriented and lack in-depth integration between local cultural values and contextual educational strategies. This gap highlights the need for a more grounded and culturally embedded analysis. This research employs a qualitative approach through a systematic literature review, supported by thematic analysis and historical interpretation, to examine the evolution and transformation of moderation values in Minahasa society. The findings reveal that religious moderation in Minahasa is not a fixed cultural trait, but a socially constructed and continuously negotiated process shaped by local wisdom such as Mapalus (mutual cooperation), customary deliberation, and the Toar Lumimuut narrative, which embodies equality and social solidarity. However, these values are increasingly challenged by digital radicalization, misinformation, and the weakening of intergenerational transmission. This research argues that integrating religious moderation into peace education requires adaptive, critical, and context-sensitive strategies, particularly through digital engagement and culturally grounded curricula. The research contributes to the existing literature by offering a contextualized conceptual framework that positions local wisdom as a dynamic resource for strengthening peace education and sustaining social harmony in a rapidly changing society.
Keywords
- Adhan, S. 2021. Pebbles in the teacher’s shoes: Portraits and challenges of religious moderation of Islamic religious education teachers. Al-Qalam, 27(1), 157–172..
- Ahsan, M., Bakry, M., Said, S., Thamrin, A., & Sufyaldy, S. 2025. Development of an Android-based Bugis moral teaching application for shaping the attitudes of the younger generation. Al-Qalam, 31(1), 43–55.
- Aryansyah Aryansyah, F., & Fadhli, D. 2024. Moderasi beragama untuk persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa Indonesia. AL-Ikhtiar: Jurnal Studi Islam, 1(3), 212–225.
- Erni, S., Roza, E., Yasnel, Y., Johanda, J., Kalipke, M. A., Miski, C. R., & Husin, N. 2024. Woman: The catalyst for social education and local wisdom of Sakai community in Riau. Al-Qalam, 30(2), 239–252.
- Evers, H.-D., & Schrader, H. 2026. The moral economy of trade: Ethnicity and developing markets. Taylor & Francis.
- Heydemans, N. A., Andalangi, J. P., Nainggolan, A. M., Kasiahe, O. M., & Lahamendu, N. O. K. D. 2023. We are all God’s creation: Free takjil action as part of religious moderation. Al-Qalam,
- Jamil, A. I. B., & Firmansyah, E. 2025. Embracing diversity: Navigating religious identity in multicultural societies. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 12(1), 37–60.
- Kaunang, R. A. E., Nelwan, G., & Tumiwa, K. K. 2025. A piece of inclusive democracy in Indonesia: The case of Minahasan society’s acceptance of the Muslim community. Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 15(1), 103–125.
- Kelly, G. J. 023). Qualitative research as culture and practice. In Handbook of research on science education (pp. 60–86).
- Kim, , Y. K. 2025. Minahasa: A land gazed at by early European explorers. SUVANNABHUMI, 17(2), 251–291.
- Kobis, D. C., Sebayang, F. A. A., & Basri, M. H. 2024. A comparative analysis of Minahasa folklores “Toar Lumimuut” and “Sigarlaki Limbat” through world literature perspectives. Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature), 8(1), 15–32.
- Mahsusi, M., Hudaa, S., Nuryani, N., Bahtiar, A., & Subuki, M. 2023. Identifying values of religious moderation through learning activities. Al-Qalam, 29(1), 61–70.
- Manua, E. R., Weol, W., & Pinontoan, D. 2025. Penetrating the boundary of Minahasa women in the heritage of faith and the dynamics of social change. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 8(3A), 84–95.
- Nendissa, J. E., Langi, E. A., & Sampepadang, R. D. P. 2026. Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou as a model of mentoring and counseling based on Minahasa cultural values: Implications for the Evangelical Church in Minahasa (GMIM). G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 10(2), 1756–1774.
- Pamungkas, M. D., Suleman, Z., & Santoso, A. D. 2024. On digital ethnography: Nonviolent campaign movement of the Instagram community @toleransi.id in realizing religious moderation. Al-Qalam, 30(1), 126–140.
- Pelealu, A. E., Dasfordate, A., & Edi, D. 2024. Tolerance based on local culture of Minahasa. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 18,
- | Al-Qalam Journal Religious and Social Research Culture Volume 32 Number 1 June 2026
- –176.
- Rantung, D. A. 2024. Gender equality from the perspective of Minahasa ethnicity and Christian religious education. HTS Theological Studies, 80(1), 1–8.
- RI, K. 2021. Religious moderation. Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama RI.
- Rizki, M., & Pasaribu, S. H. 2026. Eksistensi nilai-nilai kearifan lokal dalam menghadapi globalisasi: Kajian sosio-kultural berbasis studi literatur. Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Budaya, 1(1), 26–34.
- Robot, S., Winoto, D. E., & Dasfordate, A. 2025. Karema dan kepemimpinannya di Minahasa (Sebuah tinjauan historisisme). Arus Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 5(3), 5614–5620.
- Rogahang, H. J., Massang, B., & Yandeyoa, P. E. 2023. The concept of Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou in Minahasa philosophy as strengthening religious moderation in Laikit Village. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 6(4), 225–236.
- Rottie, D. C. M., Palar, D. C., & Kojong, M. 2025. Kajian semiotik terhadap pengaruh rekonstruksi relasi gender dalam mitologi Toar Lumimuut pada Tou Minahasa. Edutik: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, 5(6), 2329–2339.
- Sarimbangun, R. 2024. The encounter of Christianity with the old religion of Minahasa. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(4).
- Sembiring, E. E., & Gayatri, D. 2025. Self-acceptance of breast cancer patients in the Minahasa cultural context of North Sulawesi: A literature review. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 8(9), 4409–4414.
- Suharyanto, Suharyanto, A. 2024. Preserving local culture in the era of globalization: Balancing modernity and cultural identity. Path of Science, 10(3), 5001–5005.
- Tumuju, V., Wowor, M., & Porong, V. J. 2023. The existence of Mapalus in Minahasa community. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 6(2), 95–103.
- Wagiu, M. M., Wuwung, O. C., Nainggolan, A. M., & Manoppo, F. K. 2023. The cultural value of Mapalus and its relationship to religious moderation in North Minahasa Regency along with its relevance to Christian education. Al-Qalam, 29(1), 151–162.
- Winoto, D. E., Dasfordate, A., Pelealu, A. E., Burdam, Y., Ramaino, A. S., & Dasfordate, G. 2023. Depth-social interaction between ethnic groups in the local culture of Minahasa. Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, 10(1), 75–89.
References
Adhan, S. 2021. Pebbles in the teacher’s shoes: Portraits and challenges of religious moderation of Islamic religious education teachers. Al-Qalam, 27(1), 157–172..
Ahsan, M., Bakry, M., Said, S., Thamrin, A., & Sufyaldy, S. 2025. Development of an Android-based Bugis moral teaching application for shaping the attitudes of the younger generation. Al-Qalam, 31(1), 43–55.
Aryansyah Aryansyah, F., & Fadhli, D. 2024. Moderasi beragama untuk persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa Indonesia. AL-Ikhtiar: Jurnal Studi Islam, 1(3), 212–225.
Erni, S., Roza, E., Yasnel, Y., Johanda, J., Kalipke, M. A., Miski, C. R., & Husin, N. 2024. Woman: The catalyst for social education and local wisdom of Sakai community in Riau. Al-Qalam, 30(2), 239–252.
Evers, H.-D., & Schrader, H. 2026. The moral economy of trade: Ethnicity and developing markets. Taylor & Francis.
Heydemans, N. A., Andalangi, J. P., Nainggolan, A. M., Kasiahe, O. M., & Lahamendu, N. O. K. D. 2023. We are all God’s creation: Free takjil action as part of religious moderation. Al-Qalam,
Jamil, A. I. B., & Firmansyah, E. 2025. Embracing diversity: Navigating religious identity in multicultural societies. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 12(1), 37–60.
Kaunang, R. A. E., Nelwan, G., & Tumiwa, K. K. 2025. A piece of inclusive democracy in Indonesia: The case of Minahasan society’s acceptance of the Muslim community. Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 15(1), 103–125.
Kelly, G. J. 023). Qualitative research as culture and practice. In Handbook of research on science education (pp. 60–86).
Kim, , Y. K. 2025. Minahasa: A land gazed at by early European explorers. SUVANNABHUMI, 17(2), 251–291.
Kobis, D. C., Sebayang, F. A. A., & Basri, M. H. 2024. A comparative analysis of Minahasa folklores “Toar Lumimuut” and “Sigarlaki Limbat” through world literature perspectives. Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature), 8(1), 15–32.
Mahsusi, M., Hudaa, S., Nuryani, N., Bahtiar, A., & Subuki, M. 2023. Identifying values of religious moderation through learning activities. Al-Qalam, 29(1), 61–70.
Manua, E. R., Weol, W., & Pinontoan, D. 2025. Penetrating the boundary of Minahasa women in the heritage of faith and the dynamics of social change. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 8(3A), 84–95.
Nendissa, J. E., Langi, E. A., & Sampepadang, R. D. P. 2026. Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou as a model of mentoring and counseling based on Minahasa cultural values: Implications for the Evangelical Church in Minahasa (GMIM). G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 10(2), 1756–1774.
Pamungkas, M. D., Suleman, Z., & Santoso, A. D. 2024. On digital ethnography: Nonviolent campaign movement of the Instagram community @toleransi.id in realizing religious moderation. Al-Qalam, 30(1), 126–140.
Pelealu, A. E., Dasfordate, A., & Edi, D. 2024. Tolerance based on local culture of Minahasa. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 18,
| Al-Qalam Journal Religious and Social Research Culture Volume 32 Number 1 June 2026
–176.
Rantung, D. A. 2024. Gender equality from the perspective of Minahasa ethnicity and Christian religious education. HTS Theological Studies, 80(1), 1–8.
RI, K. 2021. Religious moderation. Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama RI.
Rizki, M., & Pasaribu, S. H. 2026. Eksistensi nilai-nilai kearifan lokal dalam menghadapi globalisasi: Kajian sosio-kultural berbasis studi literatur. Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Budaya, 1(1), 26–34.
Robot, S., Winoto, D. E., & Dasfordate, A. 2025. Karema dan kepemimpinannya di Minahasa (Sebuah tinjauan historisisme). Arus Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 5(3), 5614–5620.
Rogahang, H. J., Massang, B., & Yandeyoa, P. E. 2023. The concept of Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou in Minahasa philosophy as strengthening religious moderation in Laikit Village. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 6(4), 225–236.
Rottie, D. C. M., Palar, D. C., & Kojong, M. 2025. Kajian semiotik terhadap pengaruh rekonstruksi relasi gender dalam mitologi Toar Lumimuut pada Tou Minahasa. Edutik: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, 5(6), 2329–2339.
Sarimbangun, R. 2024. The encounter of Christianity with the old religion of Minahasa. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(4).
Sembiring, E. E., & Gayatri, D. 2025. Self-acceptance of breast cancer patients in the Minahasa cultural context of North Sulawesi: A literature review. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 8(9), 4409–4414.
Suharyanto, Suharyanto, A. 2024. Preserving local culture in the era of globalization: Balancing modernity and cultural identity. Path of Science, 10(3), 5001–5005.
Tumuju, V., Wowor, M., & Porong, V. J. 2023. The existence of Mapalus in Minahasa community. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 6(2), 95–103.
Wagiu, M. M., Wuwung, O. C., Nainggolan, A. M., & Manoppo, F. K. 2023. The cultural value of Mapalus and its relationship to religious moderation in North Minahasa Regency along with its relevance to Christian education. Al-Qalam, 29(1), 151–162.
Winoto, D. E., Dasfordate, A., Pelealu, A. E., Burdam, Y., Ramaino, A. S., & Dasfordate, G. 2023. Depth-social interaction between ethnic groups in the local culture of Minahasa. Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, 10(1), 75–89.