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Vol. 32 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Al Qalam

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MUBAHALAH AND SUMPAH POCONG IN INDONESIA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MUHAMMADIYAH’S RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE WITHIN NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH’S FRAMEWORK

https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v32i1.1750
Muhammad Muhajir Seninoto
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia
Teuku Alfin Aulia
Al-Azhar University, Egypt , Egypt

Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Muhajir Seninoto

m.muhajirseninoto@gmail.com

Al-Qalam, Vol. 32 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Al Qalam

Abstract

This study examines Muhammadiyah’s discourse on the practices of mubahalah and sumpah pocong in Indonesia using Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) theory. Unlike previous studies that separately discussed mubahalah in the context of digital politics and sumpah pocong within local ethnographic settings, this research bridges both practices and positions Muhammadiyah as the primary subject of analysis. Based on primary data obtained from Muhammadiyah’s official websites (Muhammadiyah.or.id and SuaraMuhammadiyah.or.id), the analysis focuses on three dimensions: the textual dimension (diction, sentence structure, and authoritative references), the discursive practice dimension (the production, dissemination, and consumption of discourse), and the social practice dimension (ideology, power relations, and social implications). The findings indicate that Muhammadiyah constructs mubahalah as a sacred practice limited to doctrinal disputes with non-Muslims and used only as a last resort, while sumpah pocong is completely delegitimized as an act of bid‘ah and khurafat because its procedure, which involves shrouding, is considered to undermine faith and lead to shirk. Underlying this discourse are three identified ideologies: textualism, puritanism, and modernism. The power relation between Muhammadiyah and the community is hierarchical through hegemonic mechanisms; however, the community responds through acceptance, negotiation, or resistance. This study contributes theoretically by enriching the study of the Qur’an, Hadith, Islamic law, and local traditions through the application of CDA. Methodologically, this study offers an integrative model combining adaptation theory, local customs, and CDA. Practically, this study provides recommendations for religious organizations in responding to local traditions in a dialogical and contextual manner.

Keywords

Critical Discourse Analysis, Mubahalah, Muhammadiyah, Norman Fairclough, Sumpah Pocong
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